超导重力仪器:机遇与挑战

超导重力仪器是利用超导电性构建的精密相对重力测量仪器，其工作于4.2K液氦温度，具有仪器固有噪声低、稳定性好的特点。阐述了超导重力仪和超导重力梯度仪两种仪器的工作原理与技术特征，简要介绍了作者所在课题组超导重力仪器研制的进展情况。分析了我国资源勘查用航空超导重力梯度仪研制所面临的机遇与挑战，提出了应对技术挑战的策略方法。     

Statistical characteristics of low latitude Pc4s: Influence of solar wind and IMF parameters

Pc4 signatures for the year 2013, extracted from geomagnetic north–south and east–west components of induction coil magnetometer (LEMI 30) from low latitude station Desalpar (DSP), operated by Institute of Seismological Research (ISR), India have been investigated vis-à-vis the prevalent interplanetary parameters (IMF) as well as the geomagnetic activity indices. A clear dominance of Pc4-5 (467 events) over Pc3 (17 events) is observed. Local time variation of Pc4 shows a peak in the noon sector in both X and Y components. Our investigations show that the dominant peak frequency is 10 mHz at low latitude region. Correlations with solar wind and IMF parameters illustrate highest occurrence of Pc4 for a solar wind speed of 300–400 km/s and average IMF B field of 3–6 nT. The amplitude of Pc4s at DSP shows an increase with increasing solar wind speed, plasma density, solar wind dynamic pressure and average B field which is also reflected in the trend of frequency variation of these pulsations. We report that IMF clock angle at low latitude does not have influence on Pc4 occurrence. Based on the characteristics of these events, detected in latitudinally distributed stations from low and mid-latitudes from northern and southern hemisphere, we infer that modes were compressional, which could be driven by K-H instability or solar wind dynamic pressure, as compressional modes can propagate to low latitude with little attenuation.     

Energy requirements of a thermally processed ISRU radiation shield for a lunar habitat

The purpose of this study was to establish, on a first principles basis, the order of magnitude of energy requirements for a thermally processed, lunar regolith radiation shield constructed using an in-situ resource utilisation (ISRU) approach. This was done by developing a reference scenario habitat and using thermodynamic relationships and specific heat capacity expressions to determine the energy required to bring such a regolith volume up to sintering temperatures (c. 1,375 K). Once the energy requirements were developed some power system architectures were outlined conceptually and a nuclear power plant of c. 400 kW was suggested as a means to supply the necessary energy. This is well beyond current space nuclear applications. The study concludes that it is likely that the most efficient near-term solution is chemical processing of regolith, from an energy requirements perspective. The technology is also more mature and likely to be delivered on near term projects as it does not require such scaled-up power system architectures. Alternatively, bringing storm shelters up with the habitat to provide a means of weathering major solar events, and adding additional radiation protection to habitat quarters, possibly through a water blanket or similar mechanism, could provide a non-ISRU solution with current technology. However, in the longer term, the development of MW-scale power system architectures (fission, solar etc.), may permit a very large volume of material to be processed thermally for construction material, making a large, permanent human presence on the Moon more easily realisable.     

Contingency target assessment,trajectory design,and analysis for NASA’s NEA scout solar sail mission

The presented study examines contingency target selection and trajectory design for NASA’s Near-Earth Asteroid Scout mission under the assumption of a missed lunar gravity assist. Two previously considered asteroids are selected as potential targets for the given scenario based on favorable orbital characteristics for launch dates ranging from June 27, 2020 through July 26, 2020. Initially, a simplified circular restricted 3-body problem + ideal solar sail model is utilized to survey trajectory options for a month-long launch window. Selected solutions from this data set are then converged in an N-body ephemeris + non-ideal sail model. Results suggest that NEA Scout can still perform asteroid rendezvous mission under the missed lunar gravity assist scenario with new targets, 2019 GF1, 2018 PK21, and 2007 UN12, based on the target launch dates. Further target assessment is carried out for 165 days beyond the current June 27, 2020 launch date.     

最小数据丢失量的地月中继卫星任务调度研究

月球背面的探测器必须依靠地月中继卫星进行数据传输与通信。地月中继任务包括实时性任务和延迟容忍类任务，如数传任务。当探测器等待传输的数据量超出用户存储容量时，延迟容忍类任务会由于探测器本地存储资源不足和地月中继卫星天线资源受限而无法完成，导致任务数据丢失，所以需要设计一种合理的地月中继任务调度策略，提高地月中继卫星的资源利用率，减少数据的丢失。对地月中继卫星任务调度进行了研究，在分析地月中继卫星数传任务的特点及用户的存储限制的基础上，以最小化数据丢失量为优化目标，建立了地月中继卫星任务调度模型，并设计了一种基于离散烟花算法（DFWA）的地月中继卫星任务调度算法。仿真数据分析表明，基于离散烟花算法的地月中继卫星任务调度算法在求解结果上优于遗传算法，是一种合理、有效的调度方法。     

太阳电池电路深空探测服役环境与关键技术分析

针对月球、火星、木星等不同的深空探测任务，本文通过在轨服役环境分析，说明了火星探测火星表面光谱计算方法、火星光谱太阳电池设计思路、火星表面除尘技术路线及木星探测低温低光强技术风险。结合工程技术经验，给出了特殊任务应用条件下单片太阳电池推算整板输出功率的计算方法，解决了我国尚无特殊条件的瞬态大太阳模拟器作为整板输出功率测试地面模拟光源的工程难题，为相关科研人员提供参考。     

基于EM‑EKF的深空光学自主导航系统光轴偏差补偿算法

在深空探测任务中,光学自主导航的精度受导航敏感器件安装精度的影响较大。提出了一种基于期望最大化-扩展卡尔曼滤波(EM-EKF)的光学自主导航系统光轴偏差补偿算法。算法基于条件概率的思想,预先设定状态变量和观测量的统计特性参数,通过不断地最大化条件期望,得到出现概率最大的状态变量估值和光轴偏差参数估值。该算法可分为4步:EKF、固定区间平滑、求解条件期望和期望最大化,不断迭代即可得到光轴偏差估计值。以火星探测近火段为例进行仿真验证,经光轴偏差补偿后,导航精度由100 km提升至20 km以内。     

钛合金TC4的超硬磨料柔性抛光轮数控抛光试验研究

航空发动机叶片钛合金材料在数控磨抛加工中容易发生烧伤及黏附现象,针对常用的TC4材料开展了超硬磨料柔性抛光轮数控抛光试验研究。分析了超硬磨料柔性抛光轮抛光参数中转速、进给速度、预压量及行距对抛光去除深度及抛光后试件表面粗糙度的影响规律并通过正交试验分析了各抛光参数影响的主次关系。确认了钛合金试件抛光表面黏附物质成分,并同时分析了表面黏附物的形成原理。给出了TC4钛合金材料在超硬磨料柔性抛光轮数控抛光过程中工艺参数的选择策略,为TC4材料的航空发动机叶片和整体叶盘在超硬磨料柔性抛光轮数控抛光过程中提供理论依据和技术基础。     

Modeling and experimental validation of sawing based lander anchoring and sampling methods for asteroid exploration

This paper presents a novel lander anchoring system based on sawing method for asteroid exploration. The system is composed of three robotic arms, three cutting discs, and a control system. The discs mounted at the end of the arms are able to penetrate into the rock surface of asteroids. After the discs cut into the rock surface, the self-locking function of the arms provides forces to fix the lander on the surface. Modeling, trajectory planning, simulations, mechanism design, and prototype fabrication of the anchoring system are discussed, respectively. The performances of the system are tested on different kinds of rocks, at different sawing angles, locations, and speeds. Results show that the system can cut 15?mm deep into granite rock in 180?s at sawing angle of 60°, with the average power of 58.41?W, and the “weight on bit” (WOB) of 8.637?N. The 7.8?kg anchoring system is capable of providing omni-directional anchoring forces, at least 225?N normal and 157?N tangent to the surface of the rock. The system has the advantages of low-weight, low energy consumption and balance forces, high anchoring efficiency and reliability, and could enable the lander to move and sample or assist astronauts and robots in walking and sampling on asteroids.     

深空探测器大口径天线指向在轨标定方案

基于深空探测器配备的大口径天线的指向精度要求,给出了一种深空探测器大口径天线在轨指向的标定方案,以解决深空探测器安装的大口径天线的在轨指向评价问题。通过对飞行器特点和约束条件的分析,结合"嫦娥4号"中继星天线的具体情况,采用星地协同工作的方法,给出了天线指向在轨标定的方案,并明确了标定的实施流程,最后对标定过程中的误差情况进行了分析。本方案可推广应用于其他深空探测器大口径天线指向标定方案的设计。